Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Linguistics 1.1.1 Definition of linguistics 1.1.2 Linguistics versus traditional grammar 1.1.3 Use of studying linguistics 1.1.4 Scope of linguistics 1.2 Language 1.2.1 Definition of language 1.2.2 Origin of language 1.2.3 Design features of language 1.2.4 Functions of language 1.3 Some Major Concepts in Linguistics 1.3.1 Descriptive and prescriptive grammars 1.3.2 Synchronic and diachronic linguistics 1.3.3 Langue and parole 1.3,4 Competence and performance 1.3.5 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 1.3.6 Functionalism and formalism Exercises and Discussion Questions Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading Supplementary Readings Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 Articulators and their functions 2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds 2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.4.1 English consonants 2.2.4.2 English vowels 2.2.5 Variations of sounds 2.2.5.1 Liaison 2.2.5.2 Elision and assimilation 2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 Phonemes: the phonological units of language 2.3.2 Minimal pairs and sets 2.3.3 Free variation 2.3.4 Distinctive features 2.3.5 Syllables and consonant clusters 2.3.6 Suprasemental features 2.3.6.1 Stress 2.3.6.2 Intonation Exercises and Discussion Questions Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading Supplementary Readings Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Morphemes 3.2.1 Free morphemes 3.2.2 Bound morphemes 3.3 Morphs and AIIomorphs 3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways of word formation 3.4.3.1 Conversion 3.4.3.2 Backformation 3.4.3.3 Clipping 3.4.3.4 Blending 3.4.3.5 Acronym 3.4.3.6 Initialism Exercises and Discussion Questions Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading Supplementary Readings Chapter 4 Syntax 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word classes 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach 4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar Exercises and Discussion Questions Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading Supplementary Readings Chapter 5 Semantics 5.1 Definition of Semantics 5.2 Approaches to Meaning 5.2.1 Meaning as naming 5,2.2 Meaning as concept 5.2.3 Meaning as behavior 5.2.4 Meaning as context 5.2.5 Meaning as truth conditions 5.3 Word Meaning 5.3.1 Sense and reference 5.3.2 Seven types of meaning 5.3.2.1 Conceptual meaning 5.3.2.2 Connotative meaning 5.3.2.3 Social meaning 5.3.2.4 Affective meaning 5.3.2.5 Reflective meaning 5.3.2.6 Collocative meaning 5.3.2.7 Thematic meaning 5.3.3 Semantic fields 5.3.4 Componential analysis 5.3.5 Semantic relationships between words 5.3.5.1 Homonymy 5.3.5.2 Polysemy 5.3.5.3 Homophony 5.3.5.4 Synonymy 5.3.5.5 Antonymy 5.3.5.6 Hyponymy 5.3.5.7 Meronymy 5.4 Sentence Meaning 5.4.1 Sentence and proposition 5.4.2 Semantic roles 5.4.3 Semantic relationships between sentences 5.4.3.1 Entailment 5.4.3.2 Presupposition 5.4.3.3 Synonymy 5.4.3.4 Inconsistency 5.4.3.5 Implicature Exercises and Discussion Questions Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading Supplementary Readings Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Micropragmatics 6.2.1 Reference 6.2.2 Deixis 6.2.3 Anaphora 6.2.4 Presupposition 6.3 Macropragmatics 6.3.1 Speech act theory 6.3.1.1 Illocutionary acts 6.3.1.2 Classification of illocutionary acts 6.3.1.3 Indirect speech acts 6.3.2 The Cooperative Principle 6.3.2.1 The Cooperative Principle and its maxims 6.3.2.2 Conversational implicatures 6.3.3 The Politeness Principle Exercises and Discussion Questions Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading Supplementary Readings Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis 7.1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis 7.2 Information Structure 7.2.1 Given and new information 7.2.2 Topic and comment 7.2.3 Contrast 7.3 Cohesion and Coherence 7.3.1 Cohesion 7.3.1.1 Reference 7.3.1.2 Substitution 7.3.1.3 Ellipsis 7.3.1.4 Conjunction ……
